Goals of Financial Management Essay Example for Free

Goals of Financial Management Essay Money required for carrying out business activities is called business finance. Almost all business activities require some finance. Finance is needed : †¢To establish a business , †¢To run it †¢To modernize it †¢To expand it or diversify †¢It is required to buy whole variety of assets, they may be tangible like machinery ,factories,building,offices or intangible like patents, technical expertise etc. Success of business depends considerably on how well the funds are deployed in assets Financial management is concerned with optimum procurement as well as usage of finance. The financial management has to take three important decision viz. (i) Investment decision i. e. , where to invest fund and in what amount, (ii) Financing decision i. e. , from where to raise funds and in what amount, and (iii) Dividend i. e. , how much to pay dividend and how much to retain for future expansion. In order to make these decisions the management must have a clear understanding of the objective sought to be achieved. It is generally agreed that the financial objective of the firm should be maximization of owners economic welfare. There are two widely discussed approaches or criterion of maximizing owners welfare – (i) Profit maximization, and (ii) Wealth maximization. Profit maximization would probably be the most commonly cited business goal, but this is not a very precise objective. Do we mean profits this year? If so, then actions such as deferring maintenance, letting inventories run down, and other short-run, cost-cutting measures will tend to increase profits now, but these activities arent necessarily desirable. The goal of maximizing profits may refer to some sort of â€Å"long-run† or â€Å"average† profits, but its unclear exactly what this means. First, do we mean something like accounting net income or earnings per share? As we will see, these numbers may have little to do with what is good or bad for the firm. Second, what do we mean by the long run? As a famous economist once remarked, in the long run, were all dead! More to the point, this goal doesnt tell us the appropriate trade-off between current and future profits. Profit Maximization: Maximization of profits is very often considered as the main objective of a business enterprise. The shareholders, the owners of the business, invest their funds in the business with the hope of getting higher dividend on their investment. Moreover, the profitability of the business is an indicator of the sound health of the organization, because, it safeguards the economic interests of various social groups which are directly or indirectly connected with the company e. g. shareholders, creditors and employees. All these parties must get reasonable return for their contributions and it is possible only when company earns higher profits or sufficient profits to discharge the obligations to them. As long as we are dealing with for-profit businesses, only a slight modification is needed. The total value of the stock in a corporation is simply equal to the value of the owners equity. Therefore, a more general way of stating our goal . Finally, our goal does not imply that the financial manager should take illegal or unethical actions in the hope of increasing the value of the equity in the firm. What we mean is that the financial manager best serves the owners of the business by identifying goods and services that add value to the firm because they are desired and valued in the free marketplace If we assume that stockholders buy stock because they seek to gain financially, then the answer is obvious: Good decisions increase the value of the stock, and poor decisions decrease the value of the stock. The goal of maximizing the value of the stock avoids the problems associated with the different goals we listed earlier. There is no ambiguity in the criterion, and there is no short-run versus long-run issue. We explicitly mean that our goal is to maximize the current stock value. Because the goal of financial management is to maximize the value of the stock, we need to learn how to identify those investments and financing arrangements that favorably impact the value of the stock. This is precisely what we will be studying. In fact, we could have defined corporate finance as the study of the relationship between business decisions and the value of the stock in the business. Wealth Maximization: The term wealth means shareholder’s wealth or the wealth of persons who are involved in business concern. this is also known as value maximization or net worth maximization The wealth maximization (also known as value maximization or Net Present Worth Maximization) is also universally accepted criterion for financial decision making. The value of an asset should be viewed in terms of benefits it can produce over the cost of capital investment. †¢Wealth maximization is based on the concept of cash flow . cash flow are a reality and not based on subjective. †¢It considers time value of money.

Indias Economic Success :: essays research papers

India's Economic Success In every region of the world there are culture and social differences that set countries apart. Each with an economic, social and political outlooks on the future that determine the way people live. These endless arrays, even occur in different parts of a particular of every country including one of the worlds most diverse, India. India is separated into 25 states and 7 territories which create 16 major languages and 1,000 minor languages and dialects. This diversity in language creates somewhat of a barrier for India to become one of the foremost leaders in world because of the lack of unity. Although, in the past, the India government has taken steps to correct this matter with promoting Hindi as the national language. However, Indians who cannot speak Hindi frowned upon this notion. They believed the best jobs would go to Indians who spoke Hindi and with their pride of their regional languages kept them from accepting this unity, thus government decided against this idea. Now, the India government recognizes 13 regional languages as official languages. Children in schools learn Hindi as their second language, with English being used primary in higher education. Education has become the most recognizable forms of advancing one's country, India has exploded in schools and enrollment in these schools. As we can see by page 2, both chart's, the difference in a little more then 10 years is considerable. Both school enrollment and the number of educational institutions have increased by an average of 63%, however do not get fooled by these numbers. The Indian's school system are extremely overcrowded and many children drop out to get a job to help support their families. This problem with India's educational system falls in two parts, the first being that children who do drop out to find a job, is part of the social problem that India has been trying to correct. The Indian government started this quest to eliminate child labor in 1986 with a whole section in the United Nations' convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, in 1986 they passed the Child Labor Act that intended to ban the employment of children in occupations that are considered hazardous and to regulate conditions of work for children employed in occupations where child labor is not actually banned. However, as we can see by the summery of this act it does not make the necessary changes to the social conditions in which children have to work to ensure that the family has money. The second problem with the educational system in India is the overcrowding. However this occurrence has more to do with the situation of population

Dumbing us down: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay

In the article â€Å"Dumbing us down: Weapons of Mass Destruction† John Taylor Gatto explains how today’s education system needs to be changed to focusing more on children’s interests instead of an institutionalized curriculum. He wants to revolutionize the school system to something similar to his education in a small town called Monongahela, Pennsylvania. When he went to school he was taught through classical schooling, which trained him to develop independent thinking and the appreciation for great old books before his time. In his small town of 4500 numerous important people have been brought up there including: Joe Montana, the founder of the Disney channel and the inventor of the nerf football. He thinks perhaps the success of these people is related to how they were brought up in school getting a hands on experience by cooking there own school meals, handling the daily school maintenance. He questions how college admission such as Harvard put such a big em phasis on standardized test. Gatto thinks that the education system was founded through a strict military system in Germany to keep the lower and middle classes grounded so leaders could keep capitalism running. During his time as a teacher he talks about how he wanted his students to get hands on experiences. For example one of his classmates was interested in comic book art so he sent her to watch a comic book artist for a week. The last part of the article talks about a way to stand up to the current education system by using Mellville’s moran genius in Bartleby, the scrivener. This is a way to peacefully refuse to go by the current system and simply reject it by getting large groups to not take the tests that schools hand out. Although John Gatto has some very intriguing information I, strongly disagree with his article. He never gives a reasonable way to fix our curriculum, but can only hope enough people agree with him to refuse it. The American school curriculum is great because if you work hard and make good grades then many doors will open through numerous colleges and scholarships. I think standardized testing is crucial to our education system because without it there would be no way to gage where every student should go after high school. John Gatto wrote this article specifically because he has been on two different sides of American education. In his youth, he was taught with more hands on learning that molded his view of how children everywhere should be taught. He is biased because of how great of success some people have had coming out of his small town of 4500 people. Then he was thrown into a unfamiliar way of teaching when he taught at a upper Manhattan school. In the Manhattan school a big amount of the focus was on getting kids ready national achievement tests. Although he may be right about how the curriculum was just turning into a achievement prep course, the reality of current schooling is how good you can do grade wise and on achievement tests like the ACT and SAT. In the article he tells of how it was his mission to teach beyond the boundaries of standardized testing and promote a more hands on type of learning so that his students would be motivated to seek out what they were passionate about. Hands on teaching is great, but what happens when they leave his class and are thrown out into standardized testing without and experience or practice. The article never really answers how his students did in the future but he was awarded the New York teacher of the year, and has written numerous books on our failing education system. John Gatto puts real life examples of how his teaching has affected students, which makes his argument a lot more compelling. He tells of how he sent a girl to the state capitol to speak to her local legislature and now she is a trial attorney. In the last part of his article he digs deep in how are education system needs to be reformed, using examples of college dropouts such as bill gate and Steve Jobs who are now running today’s economy. The article states how the government is not going to fix this problem, but it is up to the people to be educated enough to solve it themselves. He gives outlets such as home school or keeping your children aware that having bad grades is not the end of the world. The last paragraph goes into detail about how there are many different ways to get around the school system, but he never gives any real way that it could ever be changed. In the Article John Gatto expresses how achievement test are a waste of time in school, but I think that they are extremely important in showing where every student in the country stands. If we did not have standardized test it would be unfair to students who are in a lot more challenging schools. I did not think standardized testing was important either until my time at Baylor. My eyes were opened when kids with 4.0s in high school were struggling through there first semester. I never realized that some of these kids went to easier high schools then me, and were not prepared for the rigorous curriculum Baylor has to offer. For me standardized testing helped me get into a good college, because my high school was hard and I was not able to make good grades. If Baylor simply placed all its emphasis on GPA there is no way I would be at this school. Standardized testing is said to be a â€Å"pack of words† (Gatto John 593) by Gatto which is so false, because with out it there is no way for students in my situation to be given the opportunity to go to great schools like Baylor. I am thankful for my tough high school education because now at Baylor it is easy for me to stay organized and make good grades. Achievement tests also help kids who are in schools that are not as aca demically demanding. Colleges now have achievement tests like the SAT so they can gage where a student’s intelligence level is on providing admission into their school. John Gatto talks about how he was educated in a classical style with more hands on teaching, and when he was younger college was much to get into. I have talked to my dad and his friends and they say the SAT was almost optional in their time, and you could almost pick any school back then to attend. Today if students want to be taught a classical learning style they would have to be home schooled, because of how expensive it is already to fund the public school system the United States. He is right that hands on learning is critical for children, but a good basic education is needed for kids to be successful out of college. I think that in present times the SAT is critical for students in any situation to rise above and get into a college that is right for them regardless where they grow up. In the article Gatto does not like the r ole capitalism plays in our school system, even though it is actually what makes it possible for the individual to succeed no matter what background they came from. He thinks that capitalism in our schools is a way of keeping lower and middle classes in line when in reality it is there to help people willing to put in the work to get out of there respected social class. Capitalism is why people immigrate to America everyday; knowing that are country promotes the freedom to succeed economically and socially regardless of where you are from. Public schools may not all be on the same playing field academically, but that does not have to stop some one who is smart and motivated. Unlike some other countries, we give everybody a chance to succeed to the best of their abilities. It is impossible to give everyone the same education, but a strict curriculum and government regulations is the best attempt. Capitalism goes hand in hand with another prime example about how college drop outs such as Bill Gates are now some of the richest men in the world. Only in America is this possible, in places like china if you do not have a high education you are given limited opportunity. Gatto does a lot of complaining in his article, but has no real solutions except keeping your child aware that doing well in school will not define your future. I think Gatto is so corrupted by his small town upbringing that he does not understand that his type of education cannot be afforded by every body. Capitalism is what America and education are based of off, and with out it there would be no way for lower or middle class people to display their full potential. I completely disagree with John Gatto’s article, and think it could be hazardous for some people to read. If this article is read wrong children, even young adults will be under the impression that school is not that important; and be under the impression that it is, better to rebel against our school system then to flourish in it. Achievement tests are how capitalism is integrated into our schooling system, and with out it I fear where we would be as a country. Works Cited Wood, Nancy, and Miller James. Perspectives On Argument. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2012. Print

The Positive and Negative Impact of the Portrayal of Religion

The portrayal of religion has had both a negative and positive impact. When people hear about religion, they either cringe at the fact of following outdated rules and norms, or issues that deal with politics and the media. The two most popular religions, Islam and Christianity, must be analysed to identify what religion is. While further examining these closely, a finite argument can be made that religion is unfavourable for the modern society. Our society holds the key main ingredients to the era of modernity. This huge array of advancements from the internet, television, mobile devices and even newspapers all have one thing in common: they are controlled and manipulated by norms and values (Diamond, 2010, pg. 5). When referring to modernity, the changes that religion has done to our society, for better or for worse, will be discussed. These involve any forms of change and modernism that changes the general public’s perception. One thing for certain is that the religion has the power to project any information, any way they see fit. This is especially the case when it deals with political, racial and biased topics that are very sensitive in nature (Ungerleider, 2011. pg. 24). In essence, religion is one of the most powerful things that exist because of the controlling dynamics of information (Chan, 1994, pg. 54). They can curve political agendas, promote racial class subcultures, and create public opinion with regards to any social issues. Depending on theShow MoreRelatedHow the Media has Influenced Peoples Thoughts on homosexuality1410 Words   |  6 Pageshomosexuals different portrayals and stereotypes can and have definitely derived from everywhere. These portrayals send intentional or sometimes even unintentional messages to the people on the receiving end of those messages, thereby shaping how those people view homosexuals. Since the media has such an immense impact on how homosexuality is viewed, it is extremely important that we look at these stereotypes and understand the various messages they send. This review focuses on the portrayal of homosexualityRead MoreIf I’m Asian I must be short, right? Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pageskind of person they actually are. Stereotypes are one or many generalizations of a group of people, whether negative or positive, founded on the basis that a majority of them share said characteristic (McLeod). Though people have come to realize the dastardly consequences of labeling, stereotypes have persisted in our culture, unrelentingly. Why? Stereotypes, whether racial, gender-based, religion-based, age-based, etc., continually permeate our society because it is difficult to undermine the psychologicalRead More Arab and Muslims and Stereotypical labels in Movies1047 Words   |  4 PagesMovies are something that people of all color, religion and race watch. Directors of movies have a big influence in the way they portray certain kind of people in films. It is obvious that these people have a motive in bringing down a certain race or religion from the many accounts we see. Arab and Muslims have been given stereotypical labels and have been looked upon as the monster for many years even before the September 11th attacks. Film after film you see many incidents were there is someoneRead MoreThe Media s Perception Of Islam And Islam918 Words   |  4 Pagesand Muslims which essentially created the idea of an â€Å"usâ⠂¬  versus â€Å"them† mentality instead of coexisting with one another. How people see the world is through the media. The Western media has not contributed positive images. Therefore, misunderstandings of Islam and Muslims have created negative perceptions. This paper will discuss the West’s perception of Islam and how the media has defined Islam and Muslims. Since September 11th, the media is serving as a huge influencer on the Western civilizationRead MoreTriple Heritage and Africas Bright Future Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesreside on the continent has had effects, both positive and negative, on various aspects of the continent. Ali Mazrui is a Kenyan academic and political writer whose book The Africans: A Triple Heritage, which is actually a reader supplement to a PBS telecourse, covers this topic. Ali Mazrui’s argument that â€Å"modern† African politics, culture, and societies are a product of an Islamic, European, and indigenous African triple heritage is an accurate portrayal of the continent which African people shouldRead MoreThe practises, beliefs and values of Christianity and Islam have an impact on Australia society;1600 Words   |  7 PagesIslam have an impact on Australia society; however, the media exploits the perceived tension between the two groups which has led to discrimination and violence. Over m any years the way of which an individual lives their life has been shown to be affected by the religion of which they follow. This affects the way of life throughout the community surrounding these people, as well as having an impact on the social issues throughout this particular community. Christianity has a huge impact throughout AustraliaRead More Differences that Divide Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesinto more easily understood â€Å"black and white† groups. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, the characters, representative of the surrounding cultures portrayed, frequently participate in acts of inclusion and exclusion on the basis of ethnicity, religion, and lifestyle as a means of dividing the population into clearly defined, mutually exclusive groups. This underlying expression of discrimination serves as a modern critical analysis against society’s prevalent tenets of inequality. The first formRead MoreAkhenaten : The Ruler Of Egypt During The Armena Period Of The 18th Dynasty976 Words   |  4 PagesPeriod of the 18th Dynasty. Although he only reigned for 17 years, the changes he made to Egypt’s religion, economy and politics affected many. This made him very well known. The motives of his decisions are still relatively unsure today, however the reformation of religion had a great impact on society as it influenced so many aspects of Egyptian life. Akhenten introduced the concept of a monotheism religion, trying to focus Egypt’s worship on only one god, the Aten. Part of this religious revolutionRead MoreThe Underlying Reasons For The Lack Of Female Politicians1433 Words   |  6 Pagesare represented by women due to the various types of discrimination they face because of their gender. The first premise of the op-ed will be to show that social inequality continues to exist in the form of the gender wage gap. Secondly, negative media portrayal contributes to the lack of support for female politicians. Both of these premises are useful in showing that discrimination makes it difficult for women in the political arena because they have less monetary support as well as populace rallyingRead MoreCultural And Educational Areas Of The United States1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe semester I have learned, and developed in many areas of cultural and educational areas. We went over a large variety of multicultural influences and their impact on us personally and in educational settings, and I feel that I have grown immensely in numerous categories. Culture is such a big part of all of our everyday lives, and it impacts the way to act much more than we could ever realize. The world is full of diversity, throughout every continent. The United States is becoming more and more

The Chain By Ted Genoways - 1575 Words

â€Å"I think using animals for food is an ethical thing to do, but we ve got to do it right. We ve got to give those animals a decent life and we ve got to give them a painless death. We owe the animal respect.† ― Temple Grandin. Temple Grandin brings up a brilliant point, it’s okay to eat meat but it’s not okay to treat these animals throughout their life as just something that you will be killing. They have the right to live healthily and in a property environment. Throughout the novel The Chain by Ted Genoways it brings a light to all the dangerous conditions animals and workers go through and what actually goes into the meat you buy in stores. Although low prices on farm produced meat sound enticing, the abused caused to animals and the dangerous working conditions for workers cause dangerously poor sanitation, and can affect many Americans health. Factory farming has many flaws in the system, animal abuse is one that is usually over looked by owners of these farms. Many works while on this farm are exposed to the cruelty that the animals go through but often can do very little to change it. â€Å"Factory farms pack animals into spaces so tight that most can barely move. Many have no access to the outdoors, spending their lives on open warehouse floors, or housed in cages or pens.† (aspca) Without the room to engage in natural behaviors, animals become exposed to severe physical and mental distress. Many animals become trampled to death and never experience the proper lifeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Animal Testing Should Be Banned3083 Words   |  13 PagesAnother way in which farmers traumatize and hurt baby animals called thumping. The farmers use this technique to kill the underweight piglets, they hold the piglets by their back legs and throwing their heads into the concrete ground (Genoways 40). Yet Ted Genoways describes thumping as â€Å"legal and widely practiced† (40). More times than not, thumping does not actually kill the piglet, but instead just paralyzes it until death from starvation or suffocation. It would be more effective and a lot less

Dream Argument Essay - 893 Words

Jacob Sebert November 13, 2013 Descartes Dream Theory Descartes arguments in meditation I can be proven wrong through discrepancies and contradictions. Authors Peter Simpson and Ludwig Wittgensteins have similar points on skepticism where they have found specific inconsistencies. When primarily looking at Descartes’ dream argument we can see a contradiction in his statements. He sets out to demonstrate the similarity between â€Å"waking† and â€Å"dreaming†. His intention was to prove that there is no difference between the two, and that we could be seeing false deceptions and or possibly hallucinating. Therefore there would be no way to prove the differences between â€Å"dreaming† and â€Å"waking†. But when looking at his arguments there are a few†¦show more content†¦If there are no differences, then he has no choice but to conclude the fact that we could also always be awake. This still follows Descartes’ argument because it means that dreaming and waking are the same and have no difference. He assumes we are always dreaming and everything we experience is false delusion. Assuming that we are just dreaming is inconsistent with the first part of his argument, that dreaming and waking are the same. How can we believe they are identical when at the same time he wants us to assume we are only dreaming? Descartes’ dream argument states that there are no differences between dreaming and being awake, which means there is no way of knowing if we are ever awake or dreaming. This is why he says we could always be in a dream. This means that everything we sense may not be real, just false perception of reality. The things we see in our dreams are stored in our mind. This helps Descartes determine what real knowledge is. He says that there is no way of proving that we are â€Å"dreaming† or â€Å"sleeping†. â€Å"There are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep†. He then explains the experiences of reality and dreaming: â€Å"I am now here, sitting by the fire, wrapped in a warm winter gown, handling this paper, and suchlike. Indeed, that these hands themselves, and this body are mine.† (First Meditation, Page 14-15, SEC. 18-19) He explains his experiences in lucid dreamsShow MoreRelatedThomas Descartes s Dream Argument And The Dream Paradox 2319 Words   |  10 PagesDescartes famously presented his ‘dream argument’ or ‘dream paradox’ in which he questions how we can distinguish between dreams and waking life. In this essay, I will explore various responses to the argument such as Hobbes and Locke and how I think Descartes would dismiss these arguments. I will finally present my own criticism alongsi de the work of Austin, Simpson and Ryle in order to illustrate the inconsistency of Descartes claims. In order to deconstruct the dream paradox I will appeal to one ofRead MoreThe Dream Argument by Rene Descartes Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesfamous arguments, from his not only from his first meditation but all of the meditations, is his Dream Argument. Descartes believes that there is no way to be able to distinguish being in awake from being in a state of dreaming. In fact you could actually be in a dream right now. Rene Descartes’s theory that one is unable distinguish being awake from dreaming, as interesting as it is, can be at times a little farfetched, along with a few contradictions to himself, Descartes’s dream argument does notRead MoreCritique of Descartes Dream Argument Essay examples1527 Words   |  7 PagesSara Logan McKitrick Philosophy 101 14 November 2008 Critique of Descartes’ Dream Argument Descartes has written a set of six meditations on the first philosophy. In these meditations he analyzes his beliefs and questions where those beliefs were derived from. The first mediation of Descartes discusses his skeptical hypotheses; questioning the validity of the influences of his knowledge. He has a few main goals that are expressed through the first meditation. First off, Descartes wantsRead MoreEssay on Descartes Dream Argument - Philosophy1406 Words   |  6 Pagesdo we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having, or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument, he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument, he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience, nor, is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake. I thinkRead M oreWhere Sweatshops Are a Dream917 Words   |  4 PagesAre A Dream† In his New York Times opinion column, â€Å"Where Sweatshops Are a Dream†, writer Nicholas D. Kristof uses his experience living in East Asia to argue his positive outlook on sweatshops. Kristof wants to persuade his audience, Obama and his team, along with others who are for â€Å"labor standards†, that the best way to help people in poor countries is to promote manufacturing there, not campaign against them. He uses Phnom Penh as an example to show why working in the sweatshops is a dream forRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Juvenile Crime And Sentencing1510 Words   |  7 Pageslarge audience because it is online. Hollandsworth takes into account that his audience, mostly consisting of Texas Monthly readers, may already have pre-established notions about the topic, so he considers other sides while still supporting his argument. Edwin Debrow, a preteen member of the Crips, committed a murder when he was 12-years old and received a 27-year sentence through the Dete rminate Sentencing Act. After he matured, realized his wrongs, and appealed his sentence as cruel and unusualRead MoreThe Dreaming Argument And The Evil Demon Argument1271 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge and skepticism to establish two main arguments, the dreaming argument and the evil demon argument. The dreaming argument suggests that it is not possible to distinguish between having a waking experience and dreaming an experience. Whereas, the evil demon argument suggests that we are deceived in all areas of our experiences by an evil demon. This essay will investigate the validity of the arguments and to what extent the conclusion of these arguments is true. The soundness and the extent toRead MoreDescartesMeditations, To What Extent Are We Able To Distinguish Between Reality And Illusion1482 Words   |  6 Pagesform a seemingly self-evident argument against scepticism. Indeed, although his arguments at first appear to be somewhat convincing, particularly those that defend the s cepticism he is attempting to devalue, upon greater evaluation, those that begin to assert our ability to distinguish reality from illusion, lack application of the rigorous method of scrutiny that he had previously set out to apply. Consequently, I would argue that the real downfall of Descartes’ argument lies within his latter attemptsRead MoreDescartes First Meditations By Rene Descartes1352 Words   |  6 PagesRenà © Descartes’ First Meditations, he introduces three main sceptical arguments for the possibility of doubt: illusion, dreaming and error. Descartes’ purpose in his First Meditations is to define knowledge by placing doubt on the sceptical arguments capacity to provide truth. In this essay, I will focus on the argument from dreaming. There are many objections against the argument; therefore I will assess the soundness of the argument and whether it establishes universal doubt based on the plausibilityRead MoreThe On First Philosophy By Rene Des cartes1699 Words   |  7 Pagesforget that everything he writes is based on the shaky foundation of the Christian God, and finds his later points less valid. We must look at Descartes’ argument in detail in order to establish why it is flawed and insufficient and thus undermines the rest of his project. His main argument for the existence of God is the so-called â€Å"causal argument.† He begins this train of thought by saying â€Å"because I am a thinking thing and have within me a certain idea of God, it must be granted that what caused

Untriggered Reflexive pronouns in English - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Untriggered Reflexive pronouns in English. Answer: Introduction: Baker (2012) in his book has focused into the usage of personal pronoun in everyday conversation. He has stated that the usage of personal pronoun is very easy to learn as we use it on a daily basis while we converse. The article stated that there are three types of personal pronoun that one use daily such as first person personal pronoun, second person personal pronoun and third person personal pronoun. The first person pronoun shows the usage of me and we in the daily conversation. Whereas, second person use you, your and other and third person are words like theirs, he, him, her and others. The information is presented in the book in a very systematic manner with tables and example to make the readers easily understand the motive of the subject written. The article teaches the general idea of personal pronoun, which will help the user to differentiate between different sentences. It is the most general type of noun that completes all types of sentences. It teaches the reader the d ifference between a noun and a pronoun and tells that a pronoun is used in place of a noun. The book also gives examples from other types of noun to show the differences between them and personal pronoun. Parker et al. (1990) in their book has shown the relationship between the reflexive pronoun and personal pronoun. It shows the way first, second and third person pronoun is used with the reflexive pronoun. The article has explained the usage of reflexive pronouns with the help of an example such as you can do your work yourself. In this sentence, you and your are first person pronoun and yourself is the reflexive of the first person. This shows that one person can easily form a sentence by using both personal pronoun and reflexive pronoun. However, the article has also shown that there are certain exceptions to the usage of reflexive pronoun with the personal pronoun. There are sentences that use reflexive pronouns even without any co referential with any personal pronoun. This too has been with the help of an example such as several of the employees and myself met the chairman of the company. Thus, it is seen in the above sentence that reflexive pronouns are used without the applica tion of any personal pronoun in the sentence. The book has explained both the theories of personal and reflexive pronouns in a very systematic manner with example to make the reader differentiate between them easily. The idea given is very useful for the reader as it helps them to differentiate easily between the two concepts. Wales (1996) in his book has explained the definition of personal pronoun and has also shown that the definition has changed since the 16th century. The book has mainly focused on personal pronoun explaining the usage of third person personal pronoun. The third person personal pronoun has also been considered as a prototypical pronoun compared to the first person and second person personal pronoun. It has explained the traditional definition and differences between various usages of pronouns that affects the personal pronoun. It is stated that pronouns followed by any NPs are viewed as a restrictive apposition. This is further divided into three forms such as definite determiner, name and definite determiner and NP plus name. All the three forms have different meaning and usage. In the English dialects and any other informal usage of English all the three person of personal pronoun is used as an equivalent demonstrative. The presentation of the book is good, as it has explained diffe rent sections of pronoun in both the traditional form and modern world English it is helpful for the readers as they will know the difference between traditional and modern usage of English and will be able to construct the sentences properly. Thomson Martinet (1986) in their book has explained about the usage of personal pronoun that can easily be used in place of a noun. It has explained about the most suitable way of using personal pronoun with the other type of pronoun as well as noun. According to the book, there are various types of pronoun that can be used in a sentence at one time. However, the function of each type of pronouns decides the way it can be put in a sentence at one time. Further, it has discussed that there are mainly three cases of personal pronoun such as nominative, possessive and objective. Normative divide personal pronoun into three people such as first, second and third. Whereas, objective is used in which the personal pronoun is a part of an object and lastly possessive is used when the personal pronoun is showing possession. The book is presented in a form that can be easily understood by anyone. There are table and examples given for each type of personal pronoun that shows the usage one can use to define a sentence. There are various complex sentences and a structured explanation like this is very beneficial. Bibliography Baker, P. S. (2012).Introduction to Old English. John Wiley Sons. Parker, F., Riley, K., Meyer, C. F. (1990). Untriggered reflexive pronouns in English.American Speech,65(1), 50-69. Thomson, A. J., Martinet, A. V. (1986).A practical English grammar. Oxford. Wales, K. (1996).Personal pronouns in present-day English. Cambridge University Press.